Industrial engineering courses were taught by multiple universities in Europe at the Spain. In the United States, the first department of industrial and manufacturing end of the 19th century, including in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and engineering was established in 1909 at the Pennsylvania State University.
The first doctoral degree in industrial engineering was awarded in the 1930s by Cornell University. In general it can be said that the foundations of industrial engineer-ing as it looks today, began to be built in the twentieth century.
The first half of the century was characterized by an emphasis on increasing efficiency and reducing industrial organizations their costs.

Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles, and its history is intricately linked to advances in the understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history, because civil engineering is a wide ranging profession, including several separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, geology, soils, hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields.
Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction were carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder.
Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures, roads, and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental.

Environmental engineers study the effect of technological advances on the environment. To do so, they conduct hazardous-waste management studies to evaluate the significance of such hazards, advise on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps.
Environmental engineers also design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems as well as address local and worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution from automobile exhausts and industrial sources.

Nuclear fission is the disintegration of a susceptible (fissile) atom's nucleus into two different, smaller elements and other particles including neutrons.
Approximately 2.7 neutrons are released per fission, which may cause additional fissions if enough fissionable material is present.
Nuclear fission is made by separating one atom. The common types of nuclear fission include thermal fission, which is fission caused by the absorption of a relatively slow thermal neutron with kinetic energy approximately 0.1 25 eV.
Fast fission is fission caused by the absorption of a more energetic neutron, with kinetic energy on the order of MeV.
Also, in especially heavy nuclei, spontaneous fission may occur. Nuclei that are fissionable by neutrons typically carry at least a very small chance of spontaneous fission occurring.

Energy engineering is a broad field of engineering dealing with energy efficiency, energy services, facility management, plant engineering, environmental compliance and alternative energy technologies.
Energy Engineering is an interdisciplinary field that includes select subjects from the fields Chemical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering.
Energy minimization is the purpose of this growing discipline. Often applied to building design, heavy consideration is given to HVAC, lighting, refrigeration, to both reduce energy loads and increase efficiency of current systems.
Energy Engineering is increasingly seen as a major step forward in meeting carbon reduction targets.

Petroleum engineering is a field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas. Exploration and Production are deemed to fall within the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry.
Exploration, by earth scientists, and petroleum engineering are the oil and gas industry's two main subsurface disciplines, which focus on maximizing economic recovery of hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs.
Petroleum geology and geophysics focus on provision of a static description of the hydrocarbon reservoir rock, while petroleum engineering focuses on estimation of the recoverable volume of this resource using a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil, water and gas within porous rock a very high pressure.

Electronic engineering as a professions sprang from technological improvements in the telegraph industry in the late 19th century and the radio and the telephone industries in the early 20th century.
People were attracted to radio by the technical fascination it inspired, first in receiving and then in transmitting.
Many who went into broadcasting in the 1920s were only 'amateurs' in the period before World War I.
To a large extent, the modern discipline of electronic engineering was born out of telephone, radio, and television equipment development and the large amount of electronic systems development during World Was II of radar, sonar, communica-tion systems, and advanced munitions and weapon systems.